urinary calculus or kidney stones
Definition of urinary calculusStones in the urinary tract (urinary calculus) is hard as a rock mass formed in the urinary tract and can cause pain, bleeding, blockage of urine flow or infection.
Cause of urinary calculus
Many factors are influential for the incidence of stones in the urinary tract, such as lack of drinking, impaired metabolism.
The clinical- These stones can form in the kidneys (kidney stones) and in the bladder urinary (bladder stones). The process of stone formation is called urolithiasis (Renal lithiasis, nephrolithiasis).- Stone, especially small ones, may not cause symptoms. Stones in the channel upper urinary lead colic, while under the inhibiting urination.- Stones that obstruct the ureter, renal pelvis and renal tubules can cause back pain or renal colic (colic pain is severe in area between the ribs and hip bones, which spread to the abdomen also pubic area and inner thighs).- Other symptoms are nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, fever, chills and blood in the urine. Patients may be often waste little water, especially when the stones pass through the ureter.- The urine is often red meat such as water washing and microscopic examination showed many erythrocytes and leukocytes sometimes there.- A stone can cause urinary tract infections. If the stone blocking the flow tract, the bacteria will be trapped in the urine collected over blockage, so there was an infection.
- If the blockage lasts a long time, the urine will flow back into channels in the kidney, causing the emphasis to be inflate the kidneys (hydronephrosis) and eventually may occur kidney damage.
Diagnosis• Stones that do not cause symptoms, it may not be known deliberate on examination of routine urinalysis (urinalysis).• Stones that cause the pain is usually diagnosed based on symptoms of colic renal, accompanied by the presence of tenderness in his back and groin or pain in the pubic area with no obvious cause.• microscopic urine analysis can indicate the presence of blood, pus or crystals a small stone. Usually do not need another examination, except If pain persists more than a few hours or a diagnosis is uncertain.• Additional tests that may help establish the diagnosis is 24-hour urine collection and blood sampling to assess levels of calcium, cystine, uric acid and other ingredients that can causeof a stone.
Management of urinary calculus
• Colic spasmolitik overcome by injection: atropine 0.5 - 1 mg im for adults.• If there is an infection should be given an antibiotic: 2 x 2 tablets of cotrimoxazole or amoxicillin 500 mg orally 3 times daily for adults. Or other groups which can be used.• Small stones are not causing symptoms of obstruction or infection, usually not need to be treated.• Drink plenty of fluids will increase the formation of urine and helps throw some rocks. If the stone has been lost, it is not necessary anymore immediate treatment.• Stones in the renal pelvis or the ureter at the top of a 1 centimeter or less can often be solved by ultrasonic waves (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy, ESWL). Stone fragments further will be discarded in the urine.• Immediately refer to hospital if there are indications of such operations:o stones> 5 mmo Obstruction of moderate / severeo stones in the urinary tract proximalo recurrent infectionso During the observation of the stone can not fall
Share story
