Showing posts with label virus. Show all posts

avian influenza

Definition avian influenza
Bird flu (avian influenza) is an acute infectious disease caused by virus, which generally attacks the birds and can also be transmitted from birds to humans. 
avian influenza

Cause avian influenza
Type A influenza virus subtype H5N1 Modes of Transmission Transmission of the disease to humans can be through: a. Animals: direct contact with sick birds or poultry products  b. Environment: air or contaminated equipment such viruses either derived from poultry feces or secretions of the bird flu virus (AI) c. Man: very limited and inefficient (the discovery of several cases in the group / cluster) d. Consumption of poultry products that have not cooked to perfection potential transmission of avian influenza virus. 
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AIDS


AIDS

Definition
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a collection of symptoms diseases caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is found in body fluids, especially blood, semen, cairam vagina and breast milk. The virus damages the immune system people and resulted in the decline or loss of endurance, so infection and illness.



Cause of aids
HIV is a virus, a type of retrovirus that includes the virus type using RNA as a molecular carrier of genetic information.


Clinical Overview of aids

  A clinical categories include HIV infection without symptoms (asymptomatic), lymph
denopati generalized persistent and acute primary infection with the disease broadcaster.
  Category B consists of a clinical condition with symptoms in adolescents / adults
infected with HIV are not included in categories C and meet the most
less one of the following criteria:

A) The state associated with the presence of HIV infection or the presence of
immunodeficiency diperantarakan cell (Cell-mediated immunity)
or

B) The conditions that have been deemed by doctors require clinical treatment
or require the management of complications of HIV infection
with an example:
Angiomatosis basilari; oropharyngeal candidiasis; vulvovaginal candidiasis;
Cervical dysplasia; 38.5 OC fever or diarrhea for more than 1 month;
Oral hairy leukoplakia: Herpes zoster; idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura;
Listeriosis: Pelvic inflammatory disease: Peripheral Neuropathy

  Category C includes the clinical symptoms found in AIDS patients
for example:
Kandisiasis bronchi, trachea and lungs; esophageal candidiasis; Cervical Cancer
invasive; Coccidiodomycosi spread or in the lung; cryptococcosis in
outside the lung; Retinistis cytomegalovirus; Encephalopathy associated
with HIV, Herpes simplex or chronic ulcers over a month
duration; bronchitis, esophagitis or pneumonia; Histoplasmosis spreads
or outside the lung; Isosporiasis instestinal chronicles more than a month;
Kaposi's sarcoma; Lymphoma burkit (or other terms indicate that the lesion
similar); lymphoma immuno blastik, L.primer in the brain; Micobacterium avium
Complex or M.lansii spread outside the lung; M.tuberculosis anywhere
(Pulmonary or extrapulmonary); Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; Leukoensefalopati
progressive multifocal; recurrent salmonella septicemia;
Taksoplasmosis in the brain.

Diagnosis of aids
Diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and blood examination. On examination the blood can be tested directly against the HIV virus or indirectly by determining the anti-bodies, which have been and more easy to implement. Today many types of tests that have a sensitivity and
high specificity is available.

Treatment / Management of aids
Currently there are three classes of antiretroviral drugs available in Indonesia:

•  Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NsRTI): This drug is known as a nucleoside analog that inhibits the process of change in viral RNA into DNA. This process is necessary so that the virus can replicate. Drug in this group include zidovudine (ZDV or AZT), lamivudine
(3TC), ddI (didanosine) zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T) and abacavir (ABC).

•  Non-Nucleside Reserve Trancriptase Inhibitor (NNsRTI): this drug although in contrast to NRTIs also inhibit the process of change in RNA into DNA. in drugs include nevirapine (NVP),
efavirenz (EFV) and delavirdine (DLV).
•  Protease Inhibitor (PI): These drugs inhibit the enzyme protease that cuts the long chain acids into proteins of interest more minor. Drugs in golonganini including indinavir (IDV), nelfinavir (NFV), saquinavir (SQV), ritonavir (RTV), amprenavir (APV), and
lopinavir / ritonavir (LPV / r).
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