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Heart failure

definition of Heart failure
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that arises because of the declining power the heart pumps. Why other kinds of anemia, hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, coronary heart disease or heart valve disorders.
Heart failure

 
cause of Heart failure
- anemia
- hypertension
- titotoksikemia
- Chronic heart disease
- Abnormalities of the heart valves
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Epilepsy

Definition of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a disease characterized by a tendency to experiencing recurrent seizures.The most frequent form of attack is the seizures that began with loss of consciousness, loss of control of the motion and the occurrence of tonic seizures or clonic seizures in the limbs.


Cause of Definition of Epilepsy
Functional brain abnormalities that are recurrent attacks. Organic disorders in the brain can also cause epilepsy, so this possibility should be considered. From the pattern of his attacks, epilepsy, generalized epilepsy such distinguished on epilepsy grand mal, petit mal, or myoclonic epilepsy and partial example focal seizure motor, focal sensory.

Clinical Overview of Definition of Epilepsy
- Grand mal attack is often preceded by an aura of feeling immersed or drift. Temporary impairment of consciousness, head turned to one side, the teeth tightly clenched and loss of bladder control,snoring, mouth foaming and can occur inkontinesia. Then there tonic spasms throughout the body for 20-30 seconds followed by clonic seizures in parts of the muscles, back muscles and neck muscles that lasts 2-3 minutes.After the seizure the patient lying limp or lost sleep 3-4 hours, then gradually recovered consciousness. After the attack the patient is often in a confused state.- Petit mal attacks, also called flax attacks, beginning with loss of consciousness for 10-30 seconds. During the phase of flax (absence) of motor activity stops and the patient was still in action. Sometimes it seemed like there was no attack, but clonic movements sometimes arise in the mouth or eyelids.- Myoclonic attack is a brief contraction of a muscle or group of muscle.- Attacks can be simple partial motor seizures that begin in one sesisi one hand and spread, while the sensory partial seizures can be form of attack unilateral numbness or tingling. Simple partial seizures (psychomotor) complex, people have lost touch with the surrounding environment for 1-2 minutes, moving the arm andlegs in a weird way and without purpose, a sound insignificant, unable to understand what others are sayingand refused to help. The confusion lasted for several minutes and followed by recovery.- In primary generalized epilepsy, patients have seizures as a reaction body against abnormal loads. After which the person may experience headache, while dazed and exhausted. Usually the patient can not remember what happened during the seizure.- Status epilepticus is a seizure of the most serious, in which seizures occur continuously, not stopping. Muscle contraction is very strong, can not breathe properly and the electric charge in the brain is widespread. If not immediately treated, can damage the heart and brain settled and the patient could die.

Diagnosis of Definition of Epilepsy
Diagnosis based on symptoms presented by others who witnessed the occurrence of epileptic seizures in patients and a history previous illness.

Management of Definition of Epilepsy
- General principles of idiopathic epilepsy therapy is to reduce / prevent attacks, whereas organic epilepsy therapy directed toward the cause.- Factors trigger attacks, such as fatigue, emotional or eating break drugs should be avoided.- In the event of a seizure, try to avoid injury due to seizures, such as being bitten tongue or injury or other injury.- An important step is to keep people from falling, loosen clothing (especially in the neck area) and put a pillow under the head of the patient.- If the patient is unconscious should be more tilted position easy breathing and should not be left alone until it is completely conscious and able to move normally.- Anti-seizure medications to prevent further seizures, usually given to patients who have recurrent seizures. Status epilepticus an emergency, because it's anti-seizure drugs given in doses intravenous high- Where possible use a single drug and start with low doses.- When a single drug does not effectively use the maximum dose of two drugs with the lowest dose.- If the attack is resolved not think about the possibility of non-compliance of patients, organic causes, the choice and dosage of drugs that are less precise.- If during 2-3 years of not arise again attack, the drug can be stopped gradually.- Choice of antiepileptic
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Asthma


Asthma

Definition of Asthma
Asthma is a condition where the airways are narrowed because hyperactivity to certain stimuli, which cause inflammation and temporary narrowing.


Cause of Asthma
According to The Lung Association, there are two factors that trigger asthma:
A. Triggers (trigger) that resulted in disruption of the respiratory tract and
resulting in tightening or narrowing of the airways (Bronchoconstriction) but does not cause inflammation, such as:
- Changes in weather and temperature.
- Stimulate something that is an allergen, such as cigarette smoke, pollen, dust, animal dander, smoke, cold air and exercise, insecticides, dust, air pollution and pets.
- Respiratory tract infections.
- Disorders of emotion.
- Physical work or exercise excessively.

2. Cause (inducer) that mast cells throughout the bronchi release material such as histamine and leukotrienes in response to foreign substances (allergens), such as pollen, fine dust contained in the house or fur, which leads to:
- Smooth muscle contraction
- Increased mucus formation
- Transfer of certain white blood cells into the bronchi that result in inflammation (inflammation) of the respiratory tract where this will reduce the diameter of the airways (called bronchoconstriction) and this causes narrowing of the patient should exert every effort in order to breathe.

Clinical Overview of Asthma
- Shortness of breath on asthma typical wheezing sound with difficulty due to expiration.
- The state is characterized by severe shortness jealous auxiliary muscles breathing and cyanosis known as status asthmaticus can be fatal.
- Dyspnoea in the morning and throughout the night, after physical exercise (especially during cold weather), associated with upper respiratory tract infection, associated with exposure to allergens such as pollen and fur animals.
- A cough that long in the morning and late at night, associated with irritating factors, the cough may be dry, but often there is a clear mucous excreted from the respiratory tract.


Diagnosis of Asthma
Diagnosis of asthma can sometimes be established on the basis of anamnesis and auscultation. In end-expiratory wheezing almost always a sign of illness obstructive pulmonary disease such as asthma. In the mild asthma, almost always normal auscultation when the patient is asymptomatic.


Managementof Asthma
- The originator of the attack whenever possible factor is eliminated.
- In mild attacks can be given an injection of adrenalin 1: 1000 0.2 to 0.3 ml subcutaneously may be repeated several times with intervals of 10-15 minutes. Child dose 0.01 mg / kg body weight which can be repeated with attention to blood pressure, pulse and respiratory function.
- Bronchodilators are elected theophylline 100-150 mg 3 times daily in people adults and 10-15 mg / kg daily for children.
- Other options: Salbutamol 2-4 mg 3 times daily for adults
- Ephedrine 10-15 mg three times daily can be used to increase the efficacy theofilin.
- Prednisone is only required if the above medications do not help and given several days to prevent status asthmaticus. However administration should not be too late.
- Patients with status asthmaticus requiring oxygen therapy, parenteral and intensive care so that early action should be referred to as the following:
• Patients infused glucose 5%
Aminophylline 5-6 mg / kg was injected iv slowly if the person is not received oral theophylline.
• Prednisone 10-20 mg 2 times daily for several days, then lowered the dose that can be stopped as soon as possible.
• If you have not been addressed by adrenaline, it can be used first adrenalin.
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